I have found this to be a very challenging, time-consuming achievement. I spent at least 70 hours on this and only managed to reach 5 wins in a row twice. Obviously the time it takes will very much depend on your skill level (I've played football sims regularly over the years).
Herewith a few tips that might help you:
1. Initially the VS COM myClub matches start at Regular difficulty level, with the description 'Weaker'. After winning matches the description will change to 'Medium' and then finally 'Stronger'. After you have won more matches on 'Stronger' you will receive a notification advising that you have advanced to the next difficulty tier, Professional.
2. Allowing for pre-match squad changes each match takes about 20 minutes on average.
3. Win more matches on Professional, going through Weaker, Medium, Stronger, and you will reach Top Player. Continue and you will finally reach Super Star.
4. There is no way of knowing how close you are to being promoted to the next difficulty level, apart from the 'Stronger' description. I have read you can still advance despite only achieving a draw in the most recent game, but clearly we're always playing for wins!
5. In my experience you should earn sufficient GP from playing VS COM matches (3000 per 1st win of the day, 1600 per win, 1200 per draw, 1000 per loss), myClub sign-in rewards and performing individual tasks to be able to afford contract renewals for your players. You should not have to play other game modes to get the GP you need (which is a blessing).
6. By the time you have reached Super Star level you are likely to have a fairly strong myClub squad with 95+ familiarity ratings. You will have managed to buy a good manager whose formation and tactics suit your playing style. You will hopefully be very confident with PES 2017's controls and moves (I'm not a confident ball dribbler so I didn't use any fancy tricks). You are going to need to maintain a strong squad and really understand the game to win matches on Super Star.
7. Remember to check the stamina levels of your players in myClub and rotate them as appropriate. Also check the energy levels (arrow position) of your players in the lobby before entering each match.
8. Try to avoid always pressing the CPU players, especially in midfield. They always seem to collect the ball a couple of yards from your nearest player, allowing them time to make the next pass while leaving your player out of position. I suggest you hold back and try to cut out the passes to the CPU teammates who are nearby or making runs in behind.
9. Always clear the ball if it's in a dangerous position in your penalty area. Do not try to pass it out of defence, you WILL get mugged. It's not worth the risk when you're trying to maintain your winning streak (remember: draws are as bad as losses!).
10. Play the game in the same way you would see real teams playing. PES 2017 is probably the best football simulation I have played, it's very realistic. Play the ball along your back line to try to stretch the CPU team. Try not to be too aggressive all the time, your players will tire and your passes will be intercepted.
11. Change your camera view so that you can see the runs your forwards are making. I found through balls very difficult to execute, they are often intercepted, particularly if they're lofted. I find crossing in this game to be much more effective. Dribble the ball forward with a winger and back heel to the full back to make the cross - it often catches the CPU defence line out of position, buying your forward a yard to make a header or volley.
12. Corner kicks can be a good source of goals. I tend to change the corner tactic to 'Dash' and place the cross just behind the blocking defender to allow the dashing players to score a header or volley. It helps if you set your centre halves as 'players to attack', which can be found in the team tactics individual roles.
13. Try to resist the temptation to sit on a 1-0 lead. So many times I have experienced the heartache of conceding an equaliser after 80 minutes when I should have tried to score a second goal and defended a larger lead.
14. Once you do reach 2-0, play as defensively as possible, passing along your back line, back to the goalkeeper. Play like an absolute arse. The CPU doesn't care.
Take breaks. Keep the ceremonial screaming pillow closeby. Avoid the temptation to throw the controller through your TV when you realise that very hard-fought 2-2 draw was actually the sixth game in your winning streak and you have to start all over again (which happened to yours truly).
I hope these tips are helpful to you. If anyone has any others do feel free to share!