This requires you to locate/loot an ID Card and the Line Printer. They will each be on their own vessel fairly early on. The missions that contain these items will be labeled in the top right of the pre-mission screen.
Once you have obtained both, go to your workbench, and on the far right side of the screen it will say Action Item! Hover over this and press A to build the Citizen Card. Achievement will unlock after short cutscene.
*When looking for these parts, always try to go for the Helm/ship's map first. This will highlight loot on the ship with stars. The biggest star on the map will have the specific part that you're looking for.